Subject(s)
Allergy and Immunology , Biomedical Research , Hypersensitivity , COVID-19 , Congresses as Topic , Delivery of Health Care, Integrated , Humans , Hypersensitivity/epidemiology , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Hypersensitivity/microbiology , Hypersensitivity/virology , Microbiota/immunology , Pollen/immunology , VideoconferencingSubject(s)
Allergists , COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19/prevention & control , Physician's Role , Vaccination Refusal/psychology , Vaccine-Preventable Diseases/prevention & control , Asthma/complications , Asthma/immunology , Asthma/virology , COVID-19/immunology , COVID-19/psychology , COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects , Health Promotion/methods , Humans , Hypersensitivity/complications , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Hypersensitivity/virology , Patient Education as Topic , Physician-Patient Relations , Vaccine-Preventable Diseases/immunology , Vaccine-Preventable Diseases/psychologyABSTRACT
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) such as HCoV-229E or OC43 are responsible for mild upper airway infections, whereas highly pathogenic HCoVs, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, often evoke acute, heavy pneumonias. They tend to induce immune responses based on interferon and host inflammatory cytokine production and promotion of T1 immune profile. Less is known about their effect on T2-type immunity. Unlike human rhinoviruses (HRV) and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), HCoVs are not considered as a dominant risk factor of severe exacerbations of asthma, mostly T2-type chronic inflammatory disease. The relationship between coronaviruses and T2-type immunity, especially in asthma and allergy, is not well understood. This review aims to summarize currently available knowledge about the relationship of HCoVs, including novel SARS-CoV-2, with asthma and allergic inflammation.
Subject(s)
Asthma/immunology , COVID-19/immunology , Hypersensitivity/immunology , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Asthma/virology , Coronavirus/immunology , Humans , Hypersensitivity/virologyABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has not spared any continent. The disease has affected more than 7,500,000 individuals globally and killed approximately 450,000 individuals. The disease is caused by a very small virus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus with a spike-like structure on its envelope that can interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor after cleavage. ACE2 receptors are present in the human lungs and other organs. SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus that belongs to the subgenus Sarbecovirus; viruses in this subgenus have spread widely in the previous years and caused outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndromes.